The Mourning Dove has a large range of nearly 11 million square kilometers (6.8 million square miles).[3] It is found throughout the Greater Antilles, most of Mexico, theContinental United States, and southern Canada. In the summer, the birds are mostly seen in the Canadian prairies, and in southern Central America in the winter.[4] The species is a vagrant in northern Canada, Alaska,[5] and South America. It has been seen at least seven times in the Palearctic ecozone with records from the British Isles(five), the Azores (one) and Iceland (one).[6] In 1963, the Mourning Dove was introducedto Hawaii, and in 1998 there was still a small population in North Kona, Hawaii.[7]
The Mourning Dove lives in a wide variety of habitats, such as farms, prairie, grassland, and woods. It does not live in swamps or thick forests.[5] The species have also live in places where humans are, such as in cities or near farmsteads.[8]
[change]Description
The Mourning Dove is a medium-sized, slender dove. It weighs an average of 110 to 170 grams (4 to 6 oz).[9] It has a small head and a long tail. Mourning Doves have perching feet, with three toes facing forward and one facing backward. The legs are short and have a reddish color. The beak is small and dark, usually a mixture of brown and black.[6]
Its feathers are generally light gray-brown and lighter and more pink below. The wings may have black spots, and the outer tail feathers are white. The eyes are dark, with light skin around them.[6] The adult male has bright purple-pink patches on the sides of its neck, with light pink coloring up to the breast. Younger birds look more scaly and dark.[6]
All five subspecies of the Mourning Dove look similar and cannot be told apart easily.[6] The Western subspecies has longer wings, a longer beak, shorter toes, and is more lighter in color. The Panama Mourning Dove has shorter wings and legs, a longer beak, and is grayer in color. The Clarion Island subspecies has larger feet, a larger beak, and is darker brown in color.[4]
[change]Sounds
This species' call is a cooOOoo-woo-woo-woooo, which is used by males when attracting a mate. Other sounds include a nest call (cooOOoo) by paired males to attract their mates to the nests, a greeting call (a soft ork) by males upon joining their mates again, and an alarm call (a short roo-oo) by either male or female when in danger. In flight, the wings make a fluttery whistling sound that is quiet and hard to hear, but is louder at take-off and landing.[6]
[change]Reproduction
The male begins courtship by flying noisily, and then in a graceful, circular glide with its wings outstretched and head down. After landing, the male will go to the female with a puffed out breast, bobbing head, and loud calls. Once the pair is mated, they will often spend timepreening each other’s feathers.[5] The Mourning Dove does not easily leave its mate.[4] Pairs may sometimes remain together throughout the winter. However, lone doves will find new partners if necessary.[10]
After mating, the male shows the female all the potential nest sites, and lets the female choose one and build the nest. The male will fly about, gather material, and bring it to her. The male stands on the female's back to give the material to the female, who builds it into the nest.[11] The nest is constructed of twigs, conifer needles, or grass.[4] Sometimes, Mourning Doves will take place of the unused nests of other Mourning doves, birds, ormammals such as squirrels.[4]
Most nests are in trees, but they can also be found in shrubs, vines, or on buildings and hanging flower pots.[11] When there is no suitable place to nest above, Mourning Doves will nest on the ground.[4] The nest is almost always big enough for exactly two eggs.[11]Sometimes, however, a female will lay her eggs in the nest of another pair, leading to three or four eggs in the nest.[4] The eggs are small and white.
Both sexes incubate; the male from morning to afternoon, and the female the rest of the day and at night. Mourning Doves rarely leave their nest alone.[11] Incubation takes two weeks.
Both parents feed the squabs crop milk for the first 3–4 days of life.[4][12][13] After that, they gradually begin to eat seeds. The feathers and wing muscles begin to develop for flight in about 11–15 days. This happens before the squabs are fully grown, but after they digest the adult food. They stay nearby to be fed by their father for up to two weeks after fledging.[5]
Mourning Doves breed quickly. In warmer areas, these birds may raise up to six broods in a season.[5] This fast breeding is essentialbecause they cannot live long. Each year, the mortality can reach 58% a year for adults and 69% for the young.[4]
| Hatching and growth | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |
| Egg in nest | Nesting in progress | Squabs | A juvenile |
[change]Ecology
Mourning Doves eat almost only seeds, which make up more than 99% of their diet.[14]Rarely, they will eat snails or insects. Mourning Doves generally eat enough to fill their stomach and then fly away to digest while resting. They often swallow gravel or sand to help them digest. At bird feeders, Mourning Doves are attracted to corn, millet, and sunflowerseeds. Mourning Doves do not dig or scratch for seeds, but only eat what they can see.[4]They will sometimes perch on plants and eat from them.[5]
Mourning Doves especially prefer pine nuts, sesame, and wheat.[4] When their favorite foods are absent, Mourning Doves will eat the seeds of other plants, including buckwheat andrye.[4]
Mourning Doves can be easily harmed with several different parasites and diseases, including tapeworms, nematodes, mites, and lice. The Trichomonas gallinae, a parasite which lives in the mouth, is especially severe. While the bird sometimes shows no ill effects, the parasite often causes a yellowish growth in the mouth and throat. This can cause the bird to starve to death.[4]
The greatest predators of this species are birds of prey, such as falcons and hawks. Other times, during nesting, corvids, grackles, house cats or rat snakes will prey on their eggs.[4]Cowbirds rarely parasitize Mourning Dove nests. Mourning Doves reject slightly under a third of Cowbird eggs in such nests, and the Cowbirds cannot eat the Mourning Dove's vegetariandiet.[15]
[change]Behavior
Like other columbids, the Mourning Dove drinks without lifting or tilting its head. They often gather at drinking spots around dawn and dusk.
Mourning doves wash themselves in the sun or rain. These birds can also take baths in shallow pools or bird baths. They may sometimes bathe themselves in the dust as well.
When they are not breeding, Mourning Doves roost in dense deciduous trees or in conifers. During sleep, the head rests between the shoulders, close to the body, and is not tucked under the shoulder feathers as most species do. Sometimes, roosting is delayed on colder days during the winter in Canada.[16]
[change]Conservation status
The number of individual Mourning Doves is estimated to be approximately 475 million.[17]The large population and its vast range explains why the Mourning Dove is considered to be of least concern, which means that the species is not at immediate risk.[3] Around 40–70 million birds are shot as game every year.[18]
[change]Taxonomy
The Mourning Dove is closely related to the Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata) and the Socorro Dove (Zenaida graysoni). Sometimes these three birds are put in the separate genusZenaidura.[19] The Socorro Dove was once thought to be the same species as the Mourning Dove. However, differences in behavior, call, and appearance separate them as two different species.[20]
There are five subspecies of Mourning Dove:
- Eastern Z. m. carolinensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
- Clarion Island Z. m. clarionensis (C.H.Townsend, 1890)
- West Indian Z. m. macroura (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Western Z. m. marginella (Woodhouse, 1852)
- Panama Z. m. turturilla (Wetmore, 1956)
The West Indian subspecies is found throughout the Greater Antilles.[4] It is also found in the Florida Keys.[6] The Eastern subspecies lives mainly in eastern North America, as well as Bermuda and the Bahamas. The Western subspecies is found in western North America and parts of Mexico. The Panamanian subspecies is located in Central America. The Clarion Island subspecies is found just off the Pacific coast of Mexico.[4]
The Mourning Dove is sometimes called the American Mourning Dove, because it may be confused with the distantly related African Mourning Dove (Streptopelia decipiens). It also used to be known as the Carolina Turtledove or Carolina Pigeon.[21] The species' scientific name was given in 1838 by French zoologist Charles L. Bonaparte, honoring his wife, Princess Zénaide.[22] The "mourning" part of its name comes from its call.[23]
[change]Closest relative
The Mourning Dove is thought to be most closely related to the extinct Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius)
